dos.2 Complications with established investigation
Because dowry is lawfully prohibited into the India and you will Bangladesh, someone always hesitate to show right dowry wide variety. The quality question with the dowry in the Indian dataset requires on community-created dowry. Eg, the Asia Human Invention Questionnaire requires “Fundamentally in your community to possess a household particularly yours, do you know the version of items that are supplied due to the fact gift suggestions at the time of this new daughter’s relationship?” A residential district-based dowry isn’t https://lovingwomen.org/da/blog/filippinske-datingsider/ the identical to just one dowry, which is paid back by the bride’s parents during the time of marriage. As an alternative, the question of dowry allows merely a binary respond to, we.e., although a confident quantity of dowry is actually paid (elizabeth.g., Survey for the Reputation of females and you may Fertility in both India and you may Pakistan). A digital respond to, needless to say, cannot promote much considerably more details. Typical away from if a positive dowry number is provided corresponds to help you, and is mostly said because of the, ethnic, religious, and you can caste backgrounds in Southern area China.
Since dowry is not lawfully prohibited within the Pakistan, the quantity in person paid by women respondent’s mothers is going to be expected in place of scheduling in the a beneficial Pakistani dataset like the Pakistan Outlying Domestic Survey. Even when Pakistani interviewees may not purposefully keep hidden correct information about dowry techniques, new survey may still contain bear in mind problems since the participants have to remember the dowry matter paid by their mothers in the past. Figure 1a plots of land the latest predicted level of genuine dowry opinions mentioned in the Pakistani Rupees inside 2004 onto matrimony season playing with study out-of new Pakistan Outlying Household Survey. Because the consensus would be the fact actual dowry number was increasing, or at least display a non-declining development, the fresh profile indicates the general desire regarding bear in mind errors. Simply put, the newest expanded the fresh new pit amongst the interviewees’ wedding therefore the keep in mind time, a lot more likely they are to help you overestimate the newest dowry number.
Dating between women’s ounts. Brand new range shows the latest predict actual quantity of dowry regressed towards ladies’ matrimony year. The shaded urban area suggests 95% trust interval of predicted level of dowry. The info types of (a) and you will (b) are Pakistan Outlying House Survey 2004, and rural household questionnaire held by the journalist from inside the 2013, correspondingly
step three Data
Toward good all of our knowledge, studies accumulated inside analysis could be the basic to look at explicitly a general tendency to overestimate an expense paid off extended in the past. Similar to the qualities out-of prior to now collected study, ours also are retrospective; however, according to this interest, we such as implemented particular operate to attenuate survey recall problems. Instance, i requested the level of each other neighborhood-oriented dowry (non-retrospective) and personal dowry count paid during brand new respondent’s relationships (retrospective). Because Pakistani dowry consists of silver/accessories, dresses, furniture, cooking equipment, and stuff like that, i queried dowry wide variety by goods. When we noticed an excellent respondent’s overestimation of dowry amount, especially in possible from a wedding one happened good lifetime back, since dowry try showed, we are able to and you may did glance at this type of amounts having people that attended brand new ceremony. For that reason, the analysis to your predict actual amounts of dowry (Fig. 1b) do not inform you one coming down trend, however having men and women advertised for the Fig. 1a.
step 3.step 1 Questionnaire
When conducting our survey between , we intended to capture the heterogeneous aspects of the Punjab province in Pakistan. We divided Punjab (36 districts) into five regions: Pothohar (or North), Central, East, West, and South Punjab. Climate, culture (including marriage/inheritance practices), and socioeconomic conditions differ across regions but are similar within each region. We randomly selected one district from each region, namely, Rawalpindi, Mandi Bahauddin, Narowal, Muzaffargarh, and Bahawalnagar (Fig. 2). We used the district census for 1998–1999, the latest census available in Pakistan as of 2013, to randomly select six villages in rural areas in each of the five districts. We restricted sampling villages to those with a population of at least 1000 at the time of the census. In each village, we selected 22 households, following a stratified random sampling methodology. First, with assistance from the village chief, we made a list of households in the village and categorized them into a stratum. The strata are kammees Footnote 10 (i.e., traditional service or lower caste, with annual income ? PKR 200,000, > PKR 200,000) and zamindars (i.e., landowning farmers with land < 5,>12.5 acres). Eligible households in our survey are defined as those with an economically active husband and wife aged 15–65. Second, we performed stratified random sampling so that the share of each stratum in our sample corresponds to the share of each stratum of the village population (= households).